How does an automatic transfer switch work?

An automatic transfer switch (ATS) is a self-acting, intelligent power switching device governed by dedicated control logic. The principal purpose of an ATS is to ensure the continuous delivery of electrical power from one of two power sources to a connected load circuit (electrical equipment – lights, motors, computers, etc.).

The control logic or automatic controller is typically microprocessor-based and constantly monitors the electrical parameters (voltage, frequency) of primary and alternate power sources. Upon failure of the connected power source, the ATS will automatically transfer (switch) the load circuit to the other power source (if it is available). As a general rule, most automatic transfer switches seek connection to the primary power source (utility) by default and will only connect to the alternate power source (engine-generator, backup utility) when required (primary source failure) or requested to do so (operator command).